南方蓝鳍金枪鱼资源管理与可持续利用

南方蓝鳍金枪鱼（Thunnus maccoyii）属高度洄游鱼类,主要分布在南半球30~50°S之间水域,是金枪鱼类中经济价值最高的种类之一;南方蓝鳍金枪鱼养护委员会（Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna , CCSBT）是当前管理该鱼种的唯一区域渔业管理组织。该资源的可持续利用日益受到国际社会的关注,也是CCSBT面临的挑战。结合南方蓝鳍金枪鱼种群分布、资源开发状况以及CCSBT现行养护和管理措施,本文探讨了南方蓝鳍金枪鱼渔业可持续利用面临的挑战,认为CCSBT通过实施一系列养护和管理措施,比较有效地遏制了南方蓝鳍金枪鱼资源的衰退趋势,而且近几年生物量呈现增加迹象,但仍然面临诸如非法、不报告和不受管制（Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated,IUU）捕捞活动、有效实施管理措施、全面有效监管非成员船队在其他金枪鱼区域渔业管理组织管辖范围内误捕和兼捕情况、完善渔获统计数据等挑战,并就配额分配、提高数据质量、打击IUU捕捞,履行观察员最低覆盖率,以及妥善解决重叠区内SBT的兼捕问题等方面提出了相应的建议。本文可为研究或希望了解CCSBT渔业的有关企业和渔业管理人员提供参考。     

Movement and behaviour of large southern bluefin tuna (Thunnus maccoyii) in the Australian region determined using pop‐up satellite archival tags

Pop‐up satellite archival tags (PSATs) were deployed on 52 large (156–200 cm length to caudal fork) southern bluefin tuna (Thunnus maccoyii) in the western Tasman Sea during the austral winters of 2001–2005. Southern bluefin tuna (SBT) were resident in the Tasman Sea for up to 6 months with movements away from the tagging area occurring at highly variable rates. The data indicated a general tendency for SBT to move south from the tagging area in the Western Tasman Sea. Four individuals migrated west along the southern continental margin of Australia and into the Indian Ocean. Three individuals moved east into the central Tasman Sea, with one individual reaching New Zealand. We also describe the first observed migration of an SBT from the Tasman Sea to the Indian Ocean spawning grounds south of Indonesia. Individuals spent most of their time relatively close to the Australian coast, with an estimated 84% of time spent in the Australian Fishing Zone. SBT favored temperatures between 19 and 21°C, adjusting their depth to the vertical temperature distribution. Distinct diurnal diving patterns were observed and adjustment of depth to maintain constant ambient light levels over a 24‐h period. The findings of this study are a significant advance toward greater understanding of the spatial dynamics of large SBT and understanding the connectivity between distant regions of their distribution.     

热带东太平洋海域拟锥齿鲨的繁殖生物学特性

研究根据科学观察员在热带东太平洋海域2次调查,调查时间和海域分别为2003年7～11月的03°S～17°S,96°W～146°W范围,2006年2～11月的05°N～10°S,134°W～173°W范围。调查共测定了202尾拟锥齿鲨（Pseudocarcharias kamoharai）的样本,并对其进行分析。结果表明,拟锥齿鲨全长（TL）与全重（W）的关系,雌性是W=9×10^-5TL^2.3116,雄性是W=9×10^-6TL^2.9007。其雌雄性比接近1：1。雌性拟锥齿鲨的总性腺重量随体长增加而增加,增加幅度较大;雌性拟锥齿鲨性成熟的最小TL约为89cm,雄性大约在85～100cm。雌体怀仔数量平均为3.85尾。出生时的TL约为40cm左右。     

Plasticity in vertical behaviour of migrating juvenile southern bluefin tuna (Thunnus maccoyii) in relation to oceanography of the south Indian Ocean

Electronic tagging provides unprecedented information on the habitat use and behaviour of highly migratory marine predators, but few analyses have developed quantitative links between animal behaviour and their oceanographic context. In this paper we use archival tag data from juvenile southern bluefin tuna ( Thunnus maccoyii , SBT) to (i) develop a novel approach characterising the oceanographic habitats used throughout an annual migration cycle on the basis of water column structure (i.e., temperature-at-depth data from tags), and (ii) model how the vertical behaviour of SBT altered in relation to habitat type and other factors. Using this approach, we identified eight habitat types occupied by juvenile SBT between the southern margin of the subtropical gyre and the northern edge of the Subantarctic Front in the south Indian Ocean. Although a high degree of variability was evident both within and between fish, mixed-effect models identified consistent behavioural responses to habitat, lunar phase, migration status and diel period. Our results indicate SBT do not act to maintain preferred depth or temperature ranges, but rather show highly plastic behaviours in response to changes in their environment. This plasticity is discussed in terms of the potential proximate causes (physiological, ecological) and with reference to the challenges posed for habitat-based standardisation of fishery data used in stock assessments.     

Whole-body heat transfer coefficient and body temperature change of juvenile Pacific bluefin tuna <Emphasis Type="Italic">Thunnus orientalis</Emphasis> according to growth

Bluefin tuna maintain a higher body temperature than ambient sea water. Body heat is derived mainly from metabolic heat to elevate and maintain regional body temperature that is higher than the ambient, while heat loss is caused by heat transfer throughout the whole body surface and gills. Retention of high body temperature is thought to differ at each growth stage, so that a larger body mass maintains a higher body temperature. We evaluated the whole-body heat transfer coefficient, thermal difference between each tissue and water temperature, and metabolic heat in tissues during swimming of juvenile bluefin tuna as a function of fork length (FL) using a small thermometer and a treadmill-type flow tank. A system for maintaining high body temperature was well developed in fish with FL greater than 20.0 cm. Whole-body heat transfer coefficient was fitted to a −0.695 power of mass. Juvenile bluefin tuna showed a transition speed of 3.0 FL/s at which they switched from aerobic to anaerobic motion.     

Skipjack velocity, dwell time and migration

Apparent velocities (distance travelled/time at liberty) of tagged Pacific skipjack tuna, Katsuwonus pelamis, observed over the 1978 to 1982 Skipjack Survey and Assessment Program (SSAP) of the South Pacific Commission (SPC) were very low (less than 10 cm s^-1in 90% of observations) compared with the minimum swimming speed of skipjack tunas of 70–100 cm s^-1. Such low apparent velocities are not biologically meaningful and therefore the extrapolation of biological properties from mathematical models, such as diffusion and advection models, based on the tagging data is difficult, if not impossible. This paper explores alternative approaches to the 1978 to 1982 SSAP data set. Dwell time and migration analysis indicate a north to south seasonal migratory pattern with the skipjack home range located along an arc from the Solomon Islands, through Fiji and Samoa, to the Marquesas. Ancillary evidence supports a purposeful rather than advective migration pattern that oscillates between southern feeding areas and northern breeding areas. many hands. Most of the previous analyses have focused on the issue of interactions between fisheries for K. pelamis that are in different political jurisdictions (Kleiber et al., 1984) and estimates of the size of the standing crop of K. pelamis (Kleiber et al., 1983; Kearney et al., 1984). Models of interactions between fisheries for K. pelamis in different jurisdictions (Sibert, 1984; Hilborn, 1990) have pointed towards the use of diffusion and advection models in studying fish movements (Sibert and Fournier, 1994; Sibert et al., 1995).     

深冷型远洋金枪鱼延绳钓船的技术经济分析

在掌握大量相关资料的基础上，用系统分析的方法，对深冷型远洋金枪鱼延绳钓船的技术经济特征进行了分析，首先建立目标函数的数学模型，并对该数学模型的特性进行分析。在此基础上，采用SA算法（模拟退火算法）与单纯形加速法相结合的方式，在单目标下对最优船型进行了论证，并对最优船型参数的稳定性予以分析。其结论可供船舶选型时参考。